The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a cultural and intellectual movement that spanned the late 17th to the late 18th century in Europe. It was a period marked by significant advancements in philosophy, science, and politics. During this time, thinkers began to challenge traditional religious and political authorities, advocating for the use of reason, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge. The Enlightenment emerged as a response to the perceived power of the church and monarchies, as well as the social inequalities of the time.

One of the central ideas of the Enlightenment was that human reason was capable of achieving progress and creating a better society. Philosophers like John Locke emphasized the natural rights of individuals, including life, liberty, and property. These ideas laid the groundwork for the concept of individual freedoms that would later influence democratic societies.

The scientific discoveries of the era played a crucial role in shaping Enlightenment thought. Prominent scientists such as Isaac Newton revolutionized our understanding of physics, while others like Galileo Galilei challenged traditional beliefs through observations and experiments. The scientific method, with its emphasis on empirical evidence and logical reasoning, became a hallmark of the Enlightenment.

Enlightenment thinkers also advocated for political and social reforms. Voltaire, a prominent figure of the era, championed the principles of freedom of speech and religious tolerance. His belief in these values influenced key documents like the First Amendment in the United States Constitution.