The Reformation was a major movement in European history that began in the 16th century. It was a period of religious and social upheaval that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism. The Reformation was sparked by various factors, including religious dissent, political conflicts, and the widespread corruption and abuse within the Catholic Church.

One of the key figures of the Reformation was Martin Luther. Luther, a German priest and theologian, strongly criticized the Church for its sale of indulgences and its emphasis on rituals and traditions over faith. He famously posted his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, outlining his grievances against the Church and calling for a reform of its practices.

Another influential figure of the Reformation was John Calvin. Calvin, a French theologian, developed the theological system known as Calvinism, which emphasized the idea of predestination and the authority of scripture. His teachings had a significant impact on Protestant churches, particularly in Switzerland and the Netherlands.

The Reformation had profound consequences for European society. It led to the fragmentation of Christianity, with the emergence of various Protestant denominations. It also sparked religious conflicts and wars, such as the Thirty Years' War, which devastated large parts of Europe. Furthermore, the Reformation challenged the authority of monarchs and the traditional social order, paving the way for the development of democratic ideas and individual rights.