The Kingdom of Kongo had a diverse and vibrant economic system that encompassed agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship. The region's fertile soil allowed for the cultivation of various crops, including maize, yams, and cassava, which sustained both the local population and facilitated trade with neighboring societies. Moreover, the kingdom's location along the Atlantic coast enabled them to engage in trade with European merchants, exchanging ivory, copper, and slaves for European goods such as textiles, firearms, and rum.

One of the most significant trade networks was established with the Portuguese, who initially arrived in the region in the late 15th century. This relationship led to the introduction of European commodities and Christianity to the Kongo Kingdom. Additionally, the Kingdom of Kongo experienced a degree of economic specialization, with certain regions excelling in specific crafts, such as ironworking and pottery, which contributed to the overall prosperity of the kingdom.

However, the arrival of European traders also brought about significant challenges. The demand for slaves by European merchants led to the exploitation and suffering of many within the kingdom, ultimately contributing to its economic and social destabilization. Despite these challenges, the Kingdom of Kongo's economic activities and trade networks played a crucial role in shaping its history and interactions with the wider world.

Overall, the economic system of the Kingdom of Kongo was characterized by a complex network of agricultural production, trade with neighboring regions, and engagement with European merchants. These economic activities were integral to the kingdom's prosperity and interactions with the outside world, but they also led to significant challenges and ultimately contributed to the decline of the kingdom.