Heat transfer is the process by which thermal energy is transferred between different objects or regions as a result of temperature difference. It is a fundamental phenomenon that plays a crucial role in everyday life. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

• Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between particles of a substance, primarily in solids. For example, when you touch a metal spoon that has been kept in hot water, it quickly conducts heat to your hand.

• Convection occurs in fluids, which include both liquids and gases. It involves the transfer of heat through the movement of the fluid itself. A common example of convection is the circulation of hot air rising from a heater.

• Radiation is the transfer of heat through the emission of electromagnetic waves. It does not require a medium and can occur in a vacuum. A familiar example of radiation is the warmth we feel from the sun.

Understanding these modes of heat transfer is crucial in various fields, from engineering to environmental science, as it helps explain many natural phenomena and enables the development of efficient technologies.