The Judiciary Act of 1789 was a landmark piece of legislation passed by the first Congress after the American Revolution. It established the federal court system and defined the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, circuit courts, and district courts. This act laid the foundation for the judicial branch of government and has had a lasting impact on the United States legal system.

The Judiciary Act created a hierarchy of federal courts, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by circuit courts and district courts. The Supreme Court was given the power to hear appeals from lower courts and to decide cases involving federal laws and the Constitution. Circuit courts were responsible for hearing appeals from district courts and had jurisdiction over certain types of cases, such as admiralty law and criminal cases. District courts were the lowest level of federal courts and had jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases that occurred within their respective districts.

The Judiciary Act also established the office of Attorney General, who served as the chief lawyer for the federal government. The Attorney General was responsible for advising the President and representing the government in legal matters. Additionally, the act provided for the appointment of federal marshals and clerks, who played important roles in enforcing court orders and maintaining court records. Overall, the Judiciary Act of 1789 set up a robust and well-functioning judicial system that continues to serve as a model for other countries around the world.